Journal of Milk Science and Biotechnology
Korean Society of Milk Science and Biotechnology
ARTICLE

Antibacterial Effect of Crude Extracts of Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidam) against Cronobacter spp. and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Various Dairy Foods: A Preliminary Study

Dana Jeong1,, Dong-Hyeon Kim1,, Jung-Whan Chon1,2,, Hyunsook Kim3,, Soo-Kyung Lee1, Hong-Seok Kim1, Jin-Hyuk Yim1, Kwang-Young Song1,*, Il-Byung Kang1, Young-Ji Kim1, Jin-Hyeong Park1, Ho-Seok Jang1, Soo-Hyun Kang4, Soo-Ki Kim4,, Kun-Ho Seo1,
1Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
2National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
3Dept. of Food &Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
4Dept. of Animal Science &Technology, College of Animal Bioscience &Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
*Corresponding Author : Kwang-Young Song, Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea. Tel. : +82-2-450-4121, Fax : +82-2-3436-4128, E-mail : drkysong@gmail.com

† These authors contributed equally to this study.

ⓒ Copyright 2016, Korean Society of Milk Science and Biotechnology. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Apr 30, 2016 ; Revised: May 11, 2016 ; Accepted: May 31, 2016

Published Online: Jun 30, 2016

Abstract

Rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (Zingiberaceae) have been used in traditional Thai medicine for health promotion. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of K. parviflora against Cronobacter spp. and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) was investigated using paper disc dilution method. The results revealed that the ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Cronobacter spp. and EHEC. With an increasing concentration of K. parviflora ethanol extract, larger zones of inhibition of Cronobacter spp. and EHEC strains tested were observed. Therefore, its antibacterial activity suggested that K. parviflora could be used as a natural additive to ascertain food safety of various dairy products.

Keywords: Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidam); Cronobacter spp.; enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC); antibacterial activity

Introduction

Medicinal plants are useful alternative source of novel drugs containing various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial activities, anti-inflammatory, and so on (Welbat et al., 2016). Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker (Kaempferia parviflora) or Kra-chai-dam belonging to the Zingiberaceae family is one of the attractive plants for the reasons of various favorable activity (Rujjanawate et al., 2005) (Fig. 1). It has long been used in Thai traditional medicine for antioxidant, antiallergic, antitumor, cardioprotective, allergic, and so on. Furthermore, the extracts and flavone derivatives from the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora could suppress function of multidrug resistance associated-proteins (MRP), in addition to P-glycoprotein, in cancer cells (Patanasethanont et al., 2006; Patanasethanont et al., 2007).

jmsb-34-2-63-g1
Fig. 1. Kaempferia parviflora (Krachai Dam) is a member of the ginger family and is known in Thailand as Thai ginseng or Black Ginger (Yoshino et al., 2014)
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Also, pharmacological studies have shown that the extract of Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes has antigastric ulcer, antimicrobacterial, and antiviral effects (Rujjanawate et al., 2005; Sookkongwaree et al., 2006). Horigome et al. (2014) reported that Kaempferia parviflora could modulate the expression of multidrug resistance associated-proteins, because Kaempferia parviflora contains 11 polymethoxyflavonoids, 7 of which have been identified as possessing inhibitory effects (Table 1).

Table 1. Various components extracted from Kaempferia parviflora as Thai Ginseng
Components Amounts (%)
The three ‘main’ methoxyflavonoids ▷ 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) 0.289
▷ 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF) 0.0101
▷ 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF) -
▷ A variety of other polymethoxyflavonoids -
▷ 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone (a methoxyflavone that appears to be well reseached but is not one of the ‘primary’ three) 0.0252
Derivatives of kaempferol ▷ 3,7,4'-trimethylkaempferol 0.0719
▷ Tetramethylkaempferol 0.0070
Methylated derivatives of apigenin ▷ 7,4'-dimethylapigenin 0.0453
▷ Trimethylapigenin 1.29
Methylated derivative of quercetin ▷ Pentamethylquercetin 0.391
Derivative of luteolin ▷ Tetramethylluteolin 0.0312
Methoxy derivative of chrysin ▷ Techtochrysin 0.131 (dry weight)
▷ A thermostable lectin (sugar-binding protein) in the rhizome 0.45
▷ Ayanin 0.0111
▷ Retusine 0.0215
Ethanol acetate fragment ▷ (2R,3R)-(−)-aromadendrin trimethyl ether -
Methanolic fragment ▷ Syringetin 3-O-rutinoside -
▷ Tamarixetin 3-O-rutinoside -
▷ Tilianine -
▷ 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone 2,4-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside -
▷ Adenosine -
▷ Kaempferiaosides A and B with similar glycosides as well as kaempferiaosides C and D (flav-3-en-3-ol glycosides) as well as E and F (acetophenone glycosides) -
▷ L-phenylalanine -
▷ Sesquiterpenoids 4αα-acetoxycadina-2,9-diene-1,8-dione and 1αα,3αα,4ββ-trihydroxy-9-cadinen-8-one -
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Recently, the bacteria, Cronobacter sakazakii is ubiquitous in nature, but can cause severe illness or death in newborn babies if it is ingested. The most likely cause for an infection is through contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) or if the bacteria are present in the water used to mix PIF (Bowen and Braden, 2006). Because Cronobacter sakazakii is found frequently in nature, it is important to sterilize both bottles and the water used to make the formula (FAO/WHO, 2006). Before 2007, this Gram negative rod was known as Enterobacter sakazakii. While the organism has been found in other foods, only PIF has been linked to disease outbreaks, since PIF is not a sterile product (FAO/WHO, 2008). The organism is unusually resistant to desiccation and can be viable for years in a dried state. Premature, low weight and immune compromised infants are at a higher risk of infection. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that typically four to six cases of infant infections with Cronobacter sakazakii occur each year, however in 2011, there were twelve. It is estimated that 40 to 80% of the cases will be fatal (FAO/WHO, 2008). And furthermore, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157: H7 is a human pathogen responsible for outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide (Gu et al., 2011). Characteristics of E. coli serotype O157:H7 (EHEC) infection includes abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea, as well as the life-threatening complication hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (GU et al., 2011; Goldwater and Bettelheim, 2012). Especially, EHEC is often isolated from dairy farms and feedlots, including from house flies, although the latter is not necessarily a mechanical vector (Rahn et al., 1997). Currently no treatment is available for EHEC infections (Goldwater and Bettelheim, 2012). The use of conventional antibiotics exacerbates Shiga toxin-mediated cytotoxicity. In an epidemiology study conducted by the US CDC, patients treated with antibiotics for EHEC enteritis had a higher risk of developing HUS (Goldwater and Bettelheim, 2012).

Until now, there was no report about the inhibition against Cronobacter spp. and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) using the crude extracts from Kaempferia parviflora. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the antibacterial activity of Kaempferia parviflora on Cronobacter spp. and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) so as to keep the safety of various dairy foods such as natural additives.

Materials and Methods

1. Plant materials and extraction

Kaempferia parviflora were donated from Department of Animal Science &Technology, College of Animal Bioscience &Technology, Konkuk University in Seoul, Korea. The dried plant rhizome powder was macerated in 95% ethanol for 48 hours with occasionally stirring at room temperature. And then, the soluble ingredients were concentrated by rotary evaporator (RE801C-W, Yamato, JAPAN) at 50℃ until dryness. The yield were obtained for ethanol extraction type. These stock solutions were filtrated through 0.2 mm Millipore and stored at -20℃ before use.

2. Bacterial strains and culture condition

Strains of Cronobacter spp. (C. sakazakii) and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) were obtained from Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary, Konkuk University in Seoul, Korea. Cells were grown on nutrient agar (NA) (Oxoid, UK) overnight. Colonies were transferred into tubes containing cryopreservation fluid according to the instruction of the manufacturer (Original Microbiology Bead Storage System, STS, Technical Service Consultants Limited, UK). The beads were stored at -70℃ until use.

3. Antibacterial susceptibility testing

The antibacterial activity of K Kaempferia parviflora were tested on Cronobacter spp. and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) using paper disk diffusion inhibition test. In paper disc diffusion test, sterile paper was soaked in the extract of Kaempferia parviflora for 2 h. One fifth milliliter of a 24 h broth culture (106 cfu/mL) of the bacteria was spread on the surface of gelled sterile Mueller-Hinton agar plates. The paper discs containing the extracts of Kaempferia parviflora (negative control, low, medium, and high concentration) were placed at different areas on the surface of each plate. The extract against the test bacteria was indicated by growth-free “zone of inhibition” near the respective disc.

4. Statistical analysis

All experiments were carried out independently in triplicate experiments. The inhibition of various concentration of Kaempferia parviflora ethanol extracts against Cronobacter spp. (C. sakazakii) and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) were evaluated by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was accepted at the P = 0.05 level.

Results and Discussion

The ethanol extract of Kaempferia parviflora showed various levels of antibacterial activity when tested by paper disc diffusion method (Fig. 2 and 3). This results obtained showed that ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial activities against Cronobacter spp. and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). With increasing concentration of Kaempferia parviflora’s ethanol extracts, the results produced the larger zones of inhibition against the bacteria tested (P <0.05) (Fig. 2 and 3).

jmsb-34-2-63-g2
Fig. 2. The antibacterial activity on various concentration of Kaempferia parviflora’s ethanol extracts against Cronobacter spp. tested by paper disc diffusion method.
Download Original Figure
jmsb-34-2-63-g3
Fig. 3. The antibacterial activity on various concentration of Kaempferia parviflora’s ethanol extracts against EHEC tested by paper disc diffusion method.
Download Original Figure

In fact, by this time, several natural materials have been studied for developing natural additives having antibacterial activity by many researchers so as to replace artificial chemical agents. Especially, the efficacy comparison of natural materials was carried out by solvent extraction (methanol, ethanol, water and so on). For example, according to the report of Chaichanawongsaroj et al. (2010), four parts of Kaempferia parviflora’s extracts - (1) volatile oil, (2) hexane, (3) ethyl acetate and (4) methanol - were screened in vitro for the anti-Helicobacter pylori actions. The strongest growth inhibition against all thirteen H. pylori tested was ethyl acetate extract with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 mg/mL, and the MIC of the extracts from hexane and methanol were 64 mg/mL, while, the MICs of volatile oil was 1,024 mg/mL (Chaichanawongsaroj et al., 2010). And Mbata et al. (2008) reported that the crude extract from Camellia sinensis by methanol and water exhibited antibacterial activities against L. monocytogenes. The methanol extracts of Camellia sinensis showed larger zones of inhibition against L. monocytogenes than the water extract, and also MIC for the water and methanol leaf extract was 0.69 and 0.26 mg/mL, respectively (Mbata et al., 2008).

And furthermore, Kaempferia parviflora had been reported to possess (1) anti-allergic activities, (2) anti-peptic ulcer, (3) anti-viral proteases, (4) anti-inflammatory activity, (5) anti-cancer action against human cholangiocarcinoma, (6) the increasing mating behavior of the rats via the increasing blood flow to the testicular vessel, (7) the suppressing HFD(high fat diet)-induced obesity through increased energy metabolism, (8) the potential for a supplemental use in vascular endothelial health promotion, and so on (Rujjanawate et al., 2005; Sookkongwaree et al., 2006; Tewtrakul and Subhadhirasakul, 2007; Wattanapitayakul et al., 2007; Tewtrakul et al., 2008; Leardkamolkarn et al., 2009; Sae-wong et al., 2009; Trisomboon, 2009; Yoshino et al., 2014). In general, it was suggested that some bioactive flavonoids containing in the rhizome of Kaempferia parviflora was the major active compound comprising of 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 5-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3’4’-etramethoxyflavone, 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone and 5,7,3’4’-tetramethoxyflavone (Yenjai et al., 2004; Trisomboon, 2009) (Table 1). For example, Bae et al. (1999) reported that some flavonoids derivatives and their metabolite such as cabreuvin, genistein, hesperitin, irisolidone, and ponciretin displayed anti-Helicobacter pylori activity.

In fact, to date, it has been found that the more functions of Kaempferia parviflora. Wattanathorn et al. (2007) reported Kaempferia parviflora had the activities of anxiolytic and antidepression. And recently, Horigome et al. (2014) identified 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3’,4’- tetramethoxyflavone (TMF), estimated 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone by using GC-MS and LC-MS, and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells stimulated with an IgE antigen or a calcium ionophore. These results suggested that unknown components within only the 50% ethanol extract from Kaempferia parviflora may possess the anti-inflammatory effects (Horigome et al., 2014). For getting more effective materials extracted from Kaempferia parviflora, it should be carried out comparative experiments of selecting the best from a variety of extraction solutions.

Hence, from now on, it will be conducted studies actively on many natural materials which have various bioactive functions including antibacterial activity as well as prompting human’s health.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the potential of Kaempferia parviflora to inhibit the growth of Cronobacter spp. and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) as antimicrobial activity. Therefore, Kaempferia parviflora could be served as the natural resource to develop the antimicrobial agents. However, it needs further investigation to fully understand the precise underlying mechanism including various functions of the crude extract from Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidam) is warranted, and furthermore, to obtain the safety so as to use natural additional agents for various dairy foods.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2015R1A2A2A05001288).

Disclaimer: The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the US Food and Drug Administration or the US Department of Health and Human Services.

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