Table 2. Various biological effects of bioactive substances in propolis. Adopted from Pasupuleti et al. with CC-BY [1].

Bioactive substance Biological effect
Phenolic compounds 2,2-Dimethyl-8-prenylchromene Antimicrobial
4-Hydroxy-3,5,-diprenyl cinnamic acid (Artepillin G) AntimicrobialAntiinflammatoryAnticancer
3-Prenyl cinnamic acid allyl ester Antimicrobial
Kaempferide AntitumorAnticancer
Propolis benzofuran Antifungal
Terpenoid Isocupressic acidA labdane diterpenoid Antifungal
13C-symphyoreticulic acidA clerodane diterpenoid Antitumor
Esters of long-chain fatty acids[3-hydroxystearic acid (n=11) procrim a; 3-hydroxystearic acid (n=13), procrim b and a pentacyclic triterpenoid (lupeol)] AntioxidantAntimicrobialAntitumor
FarnesolA sesquiterpenoid Antifungal
Flavonoid Apigenin AntibacterialAntiinflammatory
Acacetin AntiallergyAnticancer
Quercetin AnticancerAntiallergyAntibacterialAntiinflammatory
Galangin AnticancerAntioxidant
Pinocembrin AntimicrobialAnticancer
Chrysin AntimicrobialAnti-inflammatoryAnticancer
Fisetin AntibacterialAntiallergyAnticancer
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester AntitumorAnticancer
10-Hydroxyl-2-decenoic acid AntibioticAntitumor