Table 1. List of compounds derived from LAB metabolic activity and their antimicrobial spectrum (Siedler et al., 2019)

Compound Producing microorganisms Pathway Target Ref.
Lactic acid All LAB C1) Yeasts, Gram±
Acetic acid Heterofermentative LAB C Yeasts, Gram±
Benzoic acid L. plantarum S, B Fungi, Gram- Garmiene et al., 2010
Azelacid acid L. reuteri 5529, P. freudenreichii L. saci 68 and L. spicheri O15 Bacteria Le Lay et al., 2016
Propionic acid L. buchineri, L. diolivorans C Fungi Corsetti et al., 1998
Cinnamic acid derivatives L. amylovorus DSM 19280 O Fungi Brosnan et al., 2012;Ryan et al., 2011
Salicylic acid L. amylovorus DSM 19280 O, B Fungi Broberg et al., 2007;Ryan et al., 2011
Vanillic acid Lactobacillus O Brosnan et al., 2012
p-Coumaric acid2) L. reuteri, L. plantarum2) O Broberg et al., 2007;Guo et al., 2012
Diacetyl
Acetaldehyde Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus C Yeasts, Gram± Aunsbjerg et al., 2015
Acetoin Pediococcus
Hydrogen peroxide All LAB C Yeasts, Gram± Lindgren et al., 1990
Carbon dioxide Heterofermentative LAB C Lindgren et al., 1990
Ethanol Heterofermentative LAB C Elshaghabee et al., 2016
Reuterin/acrolein L. reuteri C Fungi, protozoa, Gram± Cleusix et al., 2007;Engels et al., 2016
3-Hydroxy fatty acids C Black et al., 2013
Reutericyclin L. reuteri S Gram+ Ganzle et al., 2003
Cyclic dipeptides L. plantarum, L. pentosus S Fungi Niku-Paavola et al., 1999;Ryan et al., 2009;Strom et al., 2002
3-Phenyllactic acid L. plantarum, Lb slimentarius, L. rhamnosus S
4-Hdroxyphenyllactic acid Lb. sanfransiscensis, L.hilgardii, Leuconostoc citreum, L.brevis, L.acidophilus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides S Fungi Ryan et al., 2009;Strom et al., 2002
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid L. plantarum, L. paracasei S Fungi Broberg et al., 2007;Honore et al., 2016;Ndagano et al., 2011
2-Hydroxy acids L. paracasei S Fungi Honore et al., 2016
Methylhydantoin S
Mevalonolactone L. plantarum S Fungi, Gram- Niku-Paavola et al., 1999
δ-Dodecalactone L. plantarum S Fungi, Gram± Yang et al., 2011
Abbreviatiions: C, central carbon metabolism; S, secondary carbon metabolism: B, bioconversion; O, other/no de novo synthesis.
Hypothetic release from grass after addition of LAB (Broberg et al., 2007).