Table 12 An assessment of the changes in serum biochemical values affected by the 90-day oral administration of 23%-GNANA, a test substance to the male and female rats (n=10)
| Tests** | Units | Groups (mg/kg/day) |
| G1 (0)% | G2 (1,250) | G3 (2,500) | G4 (5,000) |
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female |
| ALB | g/dL | 3.23±0.073# | 3.36±0.118 | 3.16±0.064* | 3.26±0.125 | 3.14±0.057* | 3.25±0.110 | 3.10±0.121 | 3.24±0.112* |
| ALP | U/L | 505.5±590.67 | 135.0±33.56 | 337.8±394.75 | 233.3±298.67 | 200.3±34.29 | 122.3±23.23 | 349.6±469.79 | 114.4±19.96 |
| ALT | U/L | 31.1±5.89 | 22.1±4.36 | 28.9±2.77 | 20.6±3.79 | 30.6±3.75 | 22.4±3.42 | 29.9±2.12 | 21.1±2.50 |
| AST | U/L | 94.3±10.47 | 93.1±15.293 | 83.9±5.48 | 83.6±9.54 | 90.8±11.13 | 82.0±11.68 | 89.7±13.09 | 82.7±9.02 |
| BIL | mg/dL | 0.06±0.011 | 0.10±0.035 | 0.06±0.009 | 0.08±0.017 | 0.07±0.020 | 0.09±0.024 | 0.05±0.008 | 0.07±0.014 |
| BUN | mg/dL | 12.78±1.107 | 14.17±2.440 | 14.09±2.113 | 16.41±1.998 | 14.36±2.369 | 15.71±3.182 | 14.12±2.029 | 16.20±3.202 |
| CHO | mg/dL | 64.9±10.68 | 68.5±10.07 | 68.8±9.43 | 76.3±16.43 | 66.2±15.95 | 72.1±16.64 | 82.6±17.09 | 76.2±10.69 |
| CPK | U/L | 339.0±219 | 226.0±183.48 | 225±124 | 224.8±155.42 | 257.5±139 | 214.9±137.53 | 274.0±294 | 212.1±153.31 |
| CRE | mg/dL | 0.39±0.064 | 0.45±0.087 | 0.42±0.056 | 0.47±0.081 | 0.41±0.091 | 0.42±0.042 | 0.35±0.104 | 0.40±0.116 |
| GLU | mg/dL | 157.4±22.83 | 136.6±16.98 | 172.3±22.45 | 147.3±29.44 | 173.8±26.29 | 141.0±19.80 | 175.7±26.37 | 133.5±19.84 |
| IP | mg/dL | 5.59±0.524 | 4.87±0.431 | 5.66±0.414 | 5.25±0.928 | 5.60±0.299 | 5.07±0.602 | 5.39±0.516 | 5.04±0.689 |
| PRO | g/dL | 6.0±0.15 | 6.0±0.15 | 5.9±0.17 | 5.9±0.22 | 5.9±0.18 | 5.9±0.29 | 5.9±0.24 | 5.8±0.28 |
| TG | mg/dL | 66.6±23.8 | 37.30±9.174 | 81.5±30.6 | 41.97±9.738 | 70.82±22.5 | 46.53±20.842 | 74.92±30.6 | 39.51±8.008 |
| A/G | ratio | 1.15±0.038 | 1.28±0.064 | 1.15±0.072 | 1.24±0.049 | 1.13±0.061 | 1.23±0.090 | 1.12±0.079 | 1.28±0.085 |
| Ca2+ | mg/dL | 9.94±0.167 | 9.73±0.133 | 9.93±0.156 | 9.72±0.177 | 9.85±0.152 | 9.78±0.154 | 9.88±0.175 | 9.68±0.278 |
| Na+ | mg/dL | 139.28±1.396 | 138.31±1.324 | 138.44±1.042 | 137.33±1.345 | 137.82±0.861 | 137.51±1.135 | 137.07±1.001 | 136.60±1.350 |
| K+ | mmol/L | 4.17±0.337 | 4.04±0.178 | 4.40±0.246 | 4.07±0.217 | 4.31±0.137 | 4.09±0.186 | 4.36±0.229 | 4.01±0.279 |
| Cl－ | mmol/L | 106.20±1.77 | 108.56±1.34 | 105.81±0.997 | 107.05±1.18 | 104.96±1.08 | 107.41±1.42 | 105.34±1.21 | 106.66±1.65 |
| No. of animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
*: Represents a significant difference at p<0.05 level compared with the vehicle control
**: AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), BUN (Blood urea nitrogen), CRE (Creatinine), GLU (Glucose), CHO (Total cholesterol), PRO (Total protein), CPK (Creatine phosphokinase), ALB (Albumin), BIL (Total bilirubin), TG (Triglyceride), IP (Inorganic phosphorus), A/Gratio (Albumin/Globulin ratio), Ca2+ (Calcium ion), Na+ (Sodium ion), K+ (Potassium ion), Cl－ (Chloride ion)
%: Control group (G1), Low-dose group (G2: 1,250 mg/10 mL/day), Medium-dose group (G3: 2,500 mg/10 mL/day), High-dose group (G4: 5,000 mg/10 mL/day)
#: The data shown represent means±S.D. (n=10)